CTEVT | C-programming | Diploma in computer engineering | Question paper
C-programming paper 2075
C-programming question paper 2074
question paper solution of c-programming| Diploma in Computer
1. a) What is programming? explain different types of language translators.
Programming is the process of creating sets of instructions that tell a computer how to perform a specific task or task. These instructions are written in programming languages, which are formalized constructs designed to communicate instructions to a computer. Programming involves designing algorithms, writing code, testing, debugging, and maintaining software systems.
There are several types of language translators used in programming:
- Compiler: A compiler translates the entire source code written in a high-level programming language into machine code or another intermediate form all at once. The resulting output is typically an executable file that can be run independently of the compiler. Compilers perform extensive analysis and optimization on the code before generating the output, which can result in faster execution of the program.
- Interpreter: An interpreter, on the other hand, translates source code into machine code line by line, executing each line as it is translated. This means that an interpreter reads the source code, interprets it, and executes the instructions directly. Interpreters are often used in scripting languages and languages designed for rapid prototyping and interactive development.
- Assembler: Assemblers are translators specifically designed for low-level programming languages, such as assembly language. They translate assembly language code, which is human-readable and corresponds closely to machine code instructions, into machine code directly. Assemblers are used to write programs that directly control computer hardware.
- Linker: A linker is a utility program that combines multiple object files generated by a compiler into a single executable file. It resolves references between different modules of a program, ensuring that all required functions and variables are properly linked together. Linkers are an essential part of the compilation process, particularly for larger software projects composed of multiple source files.
- Loader: A loader is responsible for loading executable files into memory and preparing them for execution by the CPU. It reads the executable file from disk, allocates memory for the program, resolves any external references, and transfers control to the starting point of the program. Loaders are crucial for executing compiled programs on a computer system.
1. b) define the algorithm and flowchart. Write an algorithm and flowchart to find the greater number among any two numbers.
Algorithm:
An algorithm is a step-by-step procedure or formula for solving a problem. It's a sequence of well-defined instructions to solve a problem or perform a task. Here's an algorithm to find the greater number among any two numbers:
Start
Input the first number (num1)
Input the second number (num2)
If num1 is greater than num2, then
Display "num1 is greater"
Else if num2 is greater than num1, then
Display "num2 is greater"
Else
Display "Both numbers are equal"
End
Flowchart:
A flowchart is a graphical representation of an algorithm, showing the steps as boxes of various kinds, and their order by connecting these with arrows. Here's a flowchart to find the greater number among any two numbers:
2. a) define keywords and variables with examples. write a rule for naming variables.
Certainly, when it comes to naming variables in the C programming language, similar rules apply. Here's a brief overview tailored for C:
Keywords:
In C, keywords are predefined reserved words with special meanings. Examples include int, char, if, else, for, while, return, switch, case, break, etc.
Variables:
Variables in C are symbolic names used to store data in computer memory. They must be declared with a specific data type before they can be used. Examples of variables in C include int age, float salary, char grade, etc.
Rules for Naming Variables in C:
- Use descriptive names: Choose variable names that clearly indicate the purpose or meaning of the data they hold. For example, num_students, total_marks, user_input, etc.
- Follow naming conventions: In C, variables are typically named using lowercase letters with underscores between words (snake_case). For example, student_name, average_score, total_amount, etc. While C doesn't enforce naming conventions as strictly as some other languages, it's good practice to follow conventions for consistency and readability.
- Avoid using reserved words: Do not use keywords or reserved words of the C language as variable names. For example, avoid names like int, char, for, if, while, etc., as they have special meanings in C.
- Start with a letter or underscore: Variable names in C must begin with a letter (either uppercase or lowercase) or an underscore (_). They cannot begin with a number or special character.
- Use alphanumeric characters and underscores: Variable names can contain letters, digits, and underscores (_), but they cannot contain spaces or special characters (except underscores).
- Avoid using single-letter names: While single-letter variable names like i, j, k are commonly used as loop counters, it's generally better to use more descriptive names in other contexts to enhance code readability.
2. b) Explain different types of operators in c with examples. what is an escape sequence?
In C programming language, operators are symbols that represent specific operations or computations to be performed on operands. Here are the different types of operators in C:
Arithmetic Operators:
Arithmetic operators are used to perform mathematical calculations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and modulus.
Examples:
int a = 10, b = 20, result;
result = a + b; // Addition
result = a - b; // Subtraction
result = a * b; // Multiplication
result = a / b; // Division
result = a % b; // Modulus (remainder)
Relational Operators:
Relational operators are used to compare the relationship between two operands. They return a Boolean value (true or false).
Examples:
int x = 5, y = 10;
if (x > y) {
// Code block executes if x is greater than y
}
if (x == y) {
// Code block executes if x is equal to y
}
Logical Operators:
Logical operators are used to perform logical operations such as AND, OR, and NOT.
Examples:
int p = 1, q = 0;
if (p && q) {
// Code block executes if both p and q are true (non-zero)
}
if (p || q) {
// Code block executes if either p or q is true (non-zero)
}
if (!p) {
// Code block executes if p is false (zero)
}
Assignment Operators:
Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables.
Examples:
int x = 10;
x += 5; // Equivalent to x = x + 5
x -= 3; // Equivalent to x = x - 3
Increment and Decrement Operators:
Increment (++) and decrement (--) operators are used to increase or decrease the value of a variable by 1, respectively.
Examples:
int i = 5;
i++; // Increment i by 1 (i becomes 6)
i--; // Decrement i by 1 (i becomes 5 again)
Conditional Operator (Ternary Operator):
The conditional operator (?:) is a ternary operator that evaluates a condition and returns one of two values depending on whether the condition is true or false.
Example:
int a = 10, b = 20, result;
result = (a > b) ? a : b; // If a > b, result = a, else result = b
Escape Sequence:
An escape sequence in C is a combination of characters beginning with a backslash () followed by one or more characters. It's used to represent special characters that cannot be easily represented directly in a string or character constant. Some common escape sequences in C include:
\n: Newline
\t: Tab
\": Double quote
\': Single quote
\\: Backslash
Example:
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
printf("Hello\tWorld\n");
printf("This is a \"quoted\" text\n");
return 0;
}
In the above example, \t represents a tab, and \" represents a double quote. When the program is executed, it will output:
3. a) Explain operator precedence and associativity write a program in C to find the simple interest.
Operator Precedence:
Operator precedence defines the order in which different operators are evaluated in an expression. It determines which operator is evaluated first and which one is evaluated next.
Associativity:
Associativity defines the order in which operators of the same precedence are evaluated when they appear together in an expression. It can be either left-to-right or right-to-left.
Now, let's write a program in C to calculate the simple interest.
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
float principal, rate, time, simple_interest;
printf("Enter principal amount: ");
scanf("%f", &principal);
printf("Enter rate of interest (per annum): ");
scanf("%f", &rate);
printf("Enter time (in years): ");
scanf("%f", &time);
simple_interest = (principal * rate * time) / 100;
printf("Simple Interest = %.2f\n", simple_interest);
return 0;
}
3. b) what is control structure? explain all 3 types of loop structure with proper syntax.
Control Structure:
A control structure is a block of programming that analyzes variables and chooses a direction in which to go based on given parameters. It governs the flow of execution in a program by determining which statements are executed in what order. Control structures can be categorized into three main types: sequence, selection, and iteration (repetition).
Sure, let's explain all three types of loop structures in C with proper syntax:
1. for Loop:
The for loop in C is used to execute a block of code repeatedly for a fixed number of times. It consists of three parts: initialization, condition, and update.
Syntax:
for (initialization; condition; update) {
// Code block to be executed repeatedly
}
Example:
for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
printf("%d\n", i);
}
This for loop prints numbers from 1 to 5.
2. while Loop:
The while loop in C is used to execute a block of code repeatedly as long as a specified condition is true. It checks the condition before entering the loop.
Syntax:
while (condition) {
// Code block to be executed repeatedly
}
Example:
int i = 1;
while (i <= 5) {
printf("%d\n", i);
i++;
}
3. do-while Loop:
The do-while loop in C is used to execute a block of code repeatedly as long as a specified condition is true. It checks the condition at the end of each iteration, so it always executes the block of code at least once.
Syntax:
do {
// Code block to be executed repeatedly
} while (condition);
Example:
int i = 1;
do {
printf("%d\n", i);
i++;
} while (i <= 5);
4. a) What is a Control structure? Write a program in C to find if the given number is a prime number or not using a function.
Control Structure:
A control structure in programming refers to a block of code that allows for the flow of execution to be altered based on certain conditions or loops. It determines the order in which statements are executed within a program. Control structures are essential for decision-making, looping, and branching within a program, allowing for more complex and dynamic behavior.
Program in C to Find if a Number is Prime or Not Using a Function:
#include <stdio.h>
int isPrime(int num) {
if (num <= 1) {
return 0; // Not prime
}
for (int i = 2; i * i <= num; i++) {
if (num % i == 0) {
return 0; // Not prime
}
}
return 1;
}
int main() {
int num;
printf("Enter a number: ");
scanf("%d", &num);
if (isPrime(num)) {
printf("%d is a prime number.\n", num);
} else {
printf("%d is not a prime number.\n", num);
}
return 0;
}
4. b) Define array. What is String? Explain in brief any 4-string handling function with an example.
Array:
An array is a data structure that stores a fixed-size sequential collection of elements of the same type. Each element in an array is identified by its index or position. Arrays are commonly used for storing collections of data that are of the same data type and need to be accessed or manipulated sequentially. I
String:
A string in C is an array of characters terminated by a null character ('\0'). Strings are used to represent sequences of characters, such as words or sentences. In C, strings are stored as arrays of characters, where each character corresponds to a single element in the array. C does not have a built-in string data type, so strings are typically represented as arrays of characters.
String Handling Functions:
1. strlen(): This function is used to find the length of a string.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main() {
char str[] = "Hello";
int length = strlen(str);
printf("Length of the string: %d\n", length);
return 0;
}
2. strcpy(): This function is used to copy one string to another.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main() {
char source[] = "Hello";
char destination[20];
strcpy(destination, source);
printf("Copied string: %s\n", destination);
return 0;
}
3. strcmp(): This function is used to compare two strings.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main() {
char str1[] = "Hello";
char str2[] = "World";
int result = strcmp(str1, str2);
if (result == 0) {
printf("Strings are equal\n");
} else {
printf("Strings are not equal\n");
}
return 0;
}
4. strcat(): This function is used to concatenate two strings.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main() {
char str1[20] = "Hello";
char str2[] = " World";
strcat(str1, str2);
printf("Concatenated string: %s\n", str1);
return 0;
}
