Internet technology ctevt paper 6th-semester computer | CTEVT

 Here is the question paper on internet technology for the 6th-semester, diploma in computer engineering 

Question paper on Internet technology  2078/79

Solution of internet technology ctevt paper 6th-semester computer

1. a). Explain the concept of client and server in Internet technology. explain satellite communication in brief.

Client and Server:

In Internet technology, the client-server model is a fundamental architecture that defines the relationship between two types of software entities: clients and servers.

Client: A client is a software or application that requests services or resources from a server. It could be a web browser, email client, or any other application that needs information or functionality provided by a server.

Server: 

A server could be a computer or program that gives administrations or assets to clients. It could be a web server, database server, or email server, for example. Servers are designed to handle multiple client requests simultaneously, providing the necessary data or services.

The client-server model facilitates the distribution of tasks and resources, allowing for efficient and scalable communication over a network, such as the Internet.

Satellite Communication:

Satellite communication involves the use of artificial satellites to transmit data between devices on Earth. Here's a brief overview of how satellite communication works:

Transmission from Earth: Signals are transmitted from ground-based stations (earth stations) to satellites in orbit.

Satellite Processing: The satellite receives the signals and processes them. This processing may involve amplifying the signals, changing their frequencies, or retransmitting them to another location.

Orbital Transmission: The satellite transmits the processed signals back to Earth. This transmission can be directed to specific areas or can cover a wide geographic region, depending on the satellite's design and purpose.

Reception on Earth: Ground-based receivers, such as satellite dishes, capture the transmitted signals. These signals can then be processed by devices like modems to extract the original data.

Satellite communication is widely used for various applications, including telecommunications, television broadcasting, internet access, and global positioning systems (GPS). It offers the advantage of providing communication links in areas where traditional land-based communication infrastructure might be challenging to establish.

1. b). What is an isp? how is the internet accessible to mobile and residential areas?

ISP (Internet Service Provider):

An Internet Service Provider is an organization that provides Internet access to customers. ISPs offer various types of internet services, including broadband, DSL, cable, fiber-optic, satellite, and wireless connections. Their role is to connect users to the internet by providing the necessary infrastructure, such as networks and servers.

Internet Access in Mobile and Residential Areas:

Internet access in mobile and residential areas is facilitated through various technologies, each with its own set of advantages and limitations:

Mobile Networks:

• 3G, 4G, and 5G: Mobile internet access is commonly provided through cellular networks. 3G (third generation), 4G (fourth generation), and 5G (fifth generation) technologies enable wireless data transmission to mobile devices like smartphones and tablets. Users connect to the internet through their mobile service providers.

Residential Broadband:

• DSL (Digital Subscriber Line): DSL uses existing telephone lines to provide high-speed internet access. It allows users to use the internet and make phone calls simultaneously.

• Cable Broadband: Cable internet uses the same infrastructure as cable television. It provides high-speed internet access by utilizing coaxial cables.

Satellite Internet:

• In some remote or rural areas where traditional infrastructure is not feasible, satellite internet is an option. Satellites in orbit relay signals between the user's satellite dish and a network operation center, providing internet access.

Wi-Fi:

• Wi-Fi technology allows users to create local wireless networks within homes or offices. Internet access is typically provided by a wired broadband connection, and Wi-Fi enables multiple devices to connect wirelessly to the Internet within the coverage area.

2. a) Difference between TCP/IP and UDP

TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol):

• Connection-oriented
• Reliable, ordered data delivery
• Extensive error checking and retransmission
• Flow control for congestion management
• Used for applications requiring data integrity (e.g., web browsing, email)

UDP (User Datagram Protocol):

• Connectionless
• Faster, with lower overhead
• Minimal error checking, no retransmission
• No built-in flow control
• Used for real-time communication with acceptable data loss (e.g., online gaming, video streaming, VoIP)

2. b). what is an IP address? explain the IPV4 with an example.

An IP address (Internet Protocol address) is a numerical label assigned to each device connected to a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication. It serves two fundamental purposes: recognizing the have or arrange interface and giving the area of the have within the organize.

IPv4 (Internet Protocol version 4):

IPv4 addresses are 32-bit numerical labels written in a dotted-decimal format, consisting of four octets (8 bits each) separated by dots. Each octet represents a binary value, and the decimal representation of each octet ranges from 0 to 255. The format is typically expressed as "x.x.x.x," where each "x" is a number between 0 and 255.

Example of IPv4 address:

Let's take the IPv4 address "192.168.1.1" as an example:

Octet 1: 192 (binary: 11000000)

Octet 2: 168 (binary: 10101000)

Octet 3: 1 (binary: 00000001)

Octet 4: 1 (binary: 00000001)

In binary, the IPv4 address "192.168.1.1" looks like: 11000000.10101000.00000001.00000001

This address is often used in private networks. The first two octets (192.168) indicate a private IP address range, commonly used for local area networks (LANs).

IPv4 allows for approximately 4.3 billion unique addresses, but due to the growth of the internet, this address space is running out. This scarcity led to the development and adoption of IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6), which uses a 128-bit address format, providing an exponentially larger pool of unique addresses to accommodate the increasing number of devices connected to the Internet.

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